Natural gas, a fossil fuel, comprises various compounds, predominantly methane (CH4), containing one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Additionally, it includes smaller proportions of natural gas liquids (NGLs), a type of hydrocarbon gas liquids, alongside nonhydrocarbon gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor. This versatile resource serves as both a fuel and a raw material for the production of various materials and chemicals.
How did Natural Gas Form?
Millions to hundreds of millions of years in the past, layers of organic matter, including plant and animal remains like diatoms, accumulated on the earth’s surface and ocean floors, often intermingled with sand, silt, and calcium carbonate. Gradually, these layers became buried under additional sediment and rock. Subsequent pressure and heat transformed a portion of this carbon and hydrogen-rich substance into coal, another part into oil (petroleum), and the rest into natural gas.
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Where is Natural Gas Found?
It is found in various locations. It can be present in significant cracks and gaps between layers of rock, termed conventional natural gas. Alternatively, it exists in the small pores within shale, sandstone, and other sedimentary rock formations, referred to as shale gas or tight gas, and often labeled unconventional natural gas. Additionally, it is found in association with crude oil, known as associated natural gas. These gas deposits can be located on land or offshore, even deep beneath the ocean floor. In coal deposits, the natural gas found is referred to as coalbed methane.
What are its Properties?
Here are some of its distinctive features:
- The gas exists in a gaseous state.
- It is both colorless and tasteless.
- Free from toxicity and smoke upon combustion, it boasts a high calorific value.
- While inherently odorless, it is infused with mercaptan in small amounts to create the recognizable smell of eggs, aiding in the detection of gas leaks.
- It serves as a combustible fossil fuel.
- A blend of uncomplicated hydrocarbon compounds constitutes its composition.
- Its primary component is methane, accompanied by modest quantities of ethane, butane, pentane, and propane.
- Water vapor and carbon dioxide represent the by-products of its combustion.
- This gas is approximately 60% lighter than air.
- It exhibits a narrow flammability range and a high ignition temperature.
- Typically, it is conveyed through pipelines.
- Naturally occurring, it is found in porous sedimentary rocks beneath the earth’s surface.
Also Read: What is Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)?
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Gas?
Advantages
- Abundant global reserves ensure long-term availability.
- Emits lower carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases compared to other fossil fuels.
- Efficient transport as liquefied natural gas (LNG) enables easy storage and long-distance shipment.
- Versatile usage in electricity generation, heating, cooking, and transportation.
- Cost-effective production compared to other fossil fuels.
Disadvantages
- Non-renewable fossil fuel with significant carbon dioxide emissions.
- Methane leaks during extraction and transport contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.
- Price volatility due to geopolitical factors and supply chain issues.
- Environmental concerns related to extraction methods, particularly fracking.
- Highly flammable nature, potentially causing extensive damage in case of leaks.
What are the Uses of Natural Gas?
This gas finds applications in various sectors:
- It serves as a fuel for vehicles, often in the form of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG).
- It is utilized in the production of specific chemicals and fertilizers.
- The gas is a significant energy source for cooking, heating, and generating electricity.
- It acts as a vital chemical feedstock for the manufacture of plastics and other essential organic compounds.
- This gas is instrumental in the manufacturing processes of fabrics, glass, paint, plastics, steel, and more.
- It facilitates the production of hydrogen.
- Commercial-scale production of protein-rich animal and fish feed is supported by this gas.
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