Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) cell generators utilize the photovoltaic effect to transform heat into electricity, seamlessly connecting to various heat sources such as high-temperature waste-heat streams, variable renewable electricity, fuels, and concentrated solar thermal systems. In TPV, radiant emission is directed toward the cold-side photovoltaic cell, facilitating heat transfer to the thermal emitter. Strategies like reflecting or suppressing low-energy (out-of-band) thermal radiation reduce heat input, while absorption of high-energy (in-band) photons in the cell generates electron-hole pairs.
This conversion process offers a quiet power generation option near the point of use, presenting advantages over conventional generators and traditional power cycles. The innovative technology not only enables the utilization of low-grade heat, previously considered a waste product, for space heating but also facilitates the production of sanitary hot water. The groundbreaking thermophotovoltaic cell, representing a novel type of solar cell converting thermal energy into electrical energy, has the potential to revolutionize electricity generation by improving efficiency and environmental friendliness.
What are the Materials Used in TPV cells?
TPV cells with narrow bandgaps include Gallium Antimonide (GaSb), Indium Gallium Arsenide (InGaAs), and several other materials such as Germanium (Ge), and Indium Arsenide (InAs). They also include Indium Gallium Arsenide Antimonide (InGaAsSb), Indium Arsenide Antimonide Phosphide (InAsSbP), and Indium Gallium Arsenide Antimonide Phosphide (InGaAsSbP).
Also See: What is Wafer in PV?
How do TPV Cells Work?
In contrast to solar photovoltaic systems, thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems can operate for extended periods at a lower radiator heating temperature. Comprising four crucial components, this system includes
- a generator producing heat energy through fuel combustion,
- a radiator converting heat energy into an emission spectrum,
- a filter aligning the emission spectrum with a TPV cell, and
- the TPV cell converting photon radiation into electrical energy.
Each component’s performance has been thoroughly analyzed, with a particular focus on the TPV cell—the critical element directly converting photon radiation into electricity. The TPV cell functions by absorbing heat and transforming it into light, which is then converted into electrical energy. This process resembles that of a regular solar cell but proves more efficient than traditional solar cells directly converting sunlight into electricity. Notably, the efficiency of a thermophotovoltaic cell is contingent upon the temperature of the heat source, with higher temperatures resulting in increased efficiency.
Also See: What is Concentrating Solar Power Thermal System?
What are the Uses of TPV Cells?
Thermophotovoltaic cells show a variety of applications:
1. Power Plants
These cells are an appealing option for power generation in power plants, capable of converting electricity from any heat source.
2. Automobiles
Thermophotovoltaic cells, by providing a source of power, have the potential to improve the efficiency and environmental friendliness of electric vehicles.
3. Spacecraft
The application includes spacecraft where thermophotovoltaic cells could generate electricity, reducing reliance on Earth’s resources.
4. Portable Electronics
Thermophotovoltaic cells have the potential to power portable electronic devices such as laptops and cell phones.
5. Automotive and Industrial Seals
Automotive seals and pipe seals, particularly in environments requiring heat resistance up to 120 degrees Celsius, are examples of applications. TPVs with shore hardness values ranging from 45A to 45D are well suited for under-bonnet automotive applications requiring improved temperature and oil resistance.
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